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Andres Sanchez Balcazar explains why volatility will probably be a permanent feature of the investment landscape.
How has the fixed income landscape changed over the last three years and how has this affected the way you manage your portfolio?
The last three years have seen what I’d say is a pretty worrying number of disruptive events and mini-crises. Every one of these – whether it is the Greek debt crisis, the unexpected de-pegging of the Swiss franc from the euro, the emergence of negative bond yields, or the devaluation of China’s renminbi – is a manifestation of the world economy’s struggle to become better balanced. And it is not clear how this transition is going to pan out.
It is - and will continue to be - a pretty volatile process. What makes matters worse is that bond markets are not as liquid as they used to be. So this is uncharted territory for investors. But one lesson that we have learned is that directional positioning is no longer a viable strategy on its own. What I mean by that is investors will run into trouble if they simply take a view on the direction of interest rates and nothing else. They need to simultaneously insure against what might happen if their economic views turn out to be wrong.
Being risk aware - or searching for inexpensive ways to protect the portfolio from developments that might weigh on returns - is particularly important. Investors also need to pay much closer attention to value. They need to be sure they are investing at the right price and receiving enough compensation for the risk of making that investment. At a time when it is more difficult to buy and sell bonds, investors need to be able to maintain a long term perspective. Switching investments too frequently when liquidity is deteriorating incurs heavy trading costs that can weigh on portfolio returns. Knowing that a security has been bought at a fair price makes that ‘buy and hold’ strategy easier to implement.
Being risk aware - or searching for inexpensive ways to protect the portfolio from developments that might weigh on returns - is particularly important. Investors also need to pay much closer attention to value. They need to be sure they are investing at the right price and receiving enough compensation for the risk of making that investment. At a time when it is more difficult to buy and sell bonds, investors need to be able to maintain a long term perspective. Switching investments too frequently when liquidity is deteriorating incurs heavy trading costs that can weigh on portfolio returns. Knowing that a security has been bought at a fair price makes that ‘buy and hold’ strategy easier to implement.
To what extent should investors be worried about liquidity?
This year more than ever we are witnessing the effects of poorer liquidity. The unusually high volatility seen recently in both US Treasuries and German bunds is ample evidence of that. And trading conditions could become even tougher.
With the US Federal Reserve likely to tighten monetary policy soon, the next few weeks could see a flood of new corporate bond issues from companies looking to raise cheap funds before borrowing costs rise. In years past, part of that supply would be absorbed by banking institutions. But now that banks are less willing buyers, any increase in the supply of bonds raises the prospect of greater volatility.
Another observation I’d make is that, even though central banks are buying bonds, the yield differential between corporate and government bonds has grown. To me, this is a sign that markets are gradually beginning to build a liquidity premium into corporate bonds – an acknowledgement that these securities are going to be harder to buy or sell in future.
With the US Federal Reserve likely to tighten monetary policy soon, the next few weeks could see a flood of new corporate bond issues from companies looking to raise cheap funds before borrowing costs rise. In years past, part of that supply would be absorbed by banking institutions. But now that banks are less willing buyers, any increase in the supply of bonds raises the prospect of greater volatility.
Another observation I’d make is that, even though central banks are buying bonds, the yield differential between corporate and government bonds has grown. To me, this is a sign that markets are gradually beginning to build a liquidity premium into corporate bonds – an acknowledgement that these securities are going to be harder to buy or sell in future.
Is the US Federal Reserve doing a good job in preparing investors for what would be its first hike in US interest rates in a decade?
It doesn’t look as if we will see a rate rise this year, contrary to the Fed’s earlier expectations. But in one sense, I don’t have a problem with the Fed having become more dovish in recent weeks. It is not like the US has a ton of inflationary pressure. And the domestic economy is hardly super-robust. From a domestic standpoint, the Fed was always going to hold fire this year, in my view.
What is more of an issue for me is the changed nature of the Fed’s communication. It has introduced what it describes as the “external environment” into its thinking and no-one really knows what that means, or which markets or economies Fed is chair Janet Yellen and her colleagues are looking at.
If investors are not clear on the Fed’s stance, they cannot be confident at what level they should price risk. And if they are not confident about the pricing of risk, they are going to be more wary of buying less liquid debt such as high yield.
What is more of an issue for me is the changed nature of the Fed’s communication. It has introduced what it describes as the “external environment” into its thinking and no-one really knows what that means, or which markets or economies Fed is chair Janet Yellen and her colleagues are looking at.
The Fed has become very hard to read.This also makes it more difficult for other central banks around the world to prepare for a US move. Like investors, central banks from China to the euro zone have no idea of what the Fed going to do. It makes it especially difficult for China, whose currency is basically tracking the US dollar. So while I believe interest rates will stay at ultra-low levels for quite some time, the market is not taking this lack of clarity from the Fed very well at all.
If investors are not clear on the Fed’s stance, they cannot be confident at what level they should price risk. And if they are not confident about the pricing of risk, they are going to be more wary of buying less liquid debt such as high yield.
You say that US monetary policymakers have become more difficult to read. Can the same be said for Chinese authorities?
Yes. Chinese authorities do not appear to be exerting quite the same degree of control over either the economy or financial markets as was previously the case. They have intervened in the stock and bond markets, but without much success. Investors have been sold the notion of a very controlled transition from an investment-led, manufacturing dependent economy to one in which domestic consumption will have a bigger role to play. I believe this will happen, but it will take a long time to get there. It will take several years – longer than perhaps the authorities might realise.
Also, this economic restructuring won’t come without some kind of trauma along the way. It would be unusual to be able to make this transition without some accident or other. It could be that the Chinese overdid it when they stimulated the economy immediately after the US credit bubble burst in 2008 and then overdid it more recently in trying to slow the economy down and wean it off manufacturing.
Now the Chinese authorities are in a difficult situation because the economy does not seem to be reacting to the various stimulus measures they are putting in place. Ironically, when you look at monetary policy in China, it is actually tighter now than what it was a month ago. Their credibility has not been enhanced by the way they have managed the currency. They devalued the currency and then backtracked on that devaluation by introducing capital controls. In this sense, they are similar to the Fed – giving conflicting messages to the market.
What are the prospects for emerging markets now that the Chinese economy is expanding at a slower pace?
The turmoil emerging markets are experiencing right now can be traced back to 2010. Then, thanks to a huge stimulus from China, growth in the developing world gathered strength at a rapid pace. But that growth proved to be a bubble.
China restructuring sees services eclipse manufacturing
Now that China is scaling back infrastructure investment and its demand for commodities has fallen, emerging markets have seen growth slow. And as growth has slowed, we have seen the return of some misguided policymaking – Brazil’s failure to control public spending and inflation is just one of example of this trend.
So as an investor, you find yourself having to pay much more attention to country-specific risks in emerging markets. The economic prospects for the countries that make up emerging markets will diverge. That said, I don’t think emerging markets are about to enter a crisis similar to those we saw throughout the 1990s.
The reforms they have made in recent years – such as better management of their capital and current accounts and switching from US dollar to local currency government borrowing – mean they have the necessary tools to overcome the difficulties that may lie ahead. What we are seeing is a re-pricing of risk, not the beginning of a crisis.
How is your portfolio positioned?
Within developed markets, it remains difficult to secure an attractive level of yield without taking on considerable levels of risk. So although we expect interest rates to remain at historically low levels for some time and continue to see some value in high-yield bonds, we want to avoid being overly exposed to any one asset class or market. Our favoured sector in European markets is the financial sector, where both senior and subordinated debt offer attractive yields.
As I have mentioned before, I believe China will manage to pull off its planned transition to a more consumer driven economy. But this change will have consequences for emerging markets – particularly commodity exporters who used to depend on China for their growth. As such, the portfolio has for some time maintained short positions in a number of emerging market currencies and bond markets. We expect the South African rand, Chilean peso and Malaysian ringgit to be among the currencies that will depreciate further in the months ahead.
That said, there are areas within emerging markets that do offer some value. Emerging market dollar-denominated debt is one such area. Here, investors can get an attractive level of yield without the volatility that comes with currency exposure. Valuations for the asset class are attractive as many EM sovereign borrowers have been unfairly tainted by Brazil, which was recently downgraded to junk status by ratings agency Standard and Poor’s.
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